https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade 2026-05-07T22:34:09Z Historial de revisiones de esta página en la wiki MediaWiki 1.38.4 https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1082&oldid=prev 2010-02-09T14:10:24Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 11:10 9 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Línea 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientists and politicians agree that we must limit global warming to less than 2°C above long-time averages. But getting there involves the tragedy of the commons on a global scale – carbon dioxide emissions have worldwide costs but local benefits.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientists and politicians agree that we must limit global warming to less than 2°C above long-time averages. But getting there involves the tragedy of the commons on a global scale – carbon dioxide emissions have worldwide costs but local benefits<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coordinated international policymaking is needed, but there is no legally binding agreement yet that would involve all relevant emitting countries. The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 and ratified by 37 countries plus the EU between 2001-2007, exempts emerging and developing countries.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coordinated international policymaking is needed, but there is no legally binding agreement yet that would involve all relevant emitting countries. The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 and ratified by 37 countries plus the EU between 2001-2007, exempts emerging and developing countries.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1081:rev-1082 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1081&oldid=prev 2010-02-09T14:09:22Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 11:09 9 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35">Línea 35:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 35:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1080:rev-1081 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1080&oldid=prev 2010-02-09T14:08:59Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 11:08 9 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35">Línea 35:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 35:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1075:rev-1080 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1075&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T23:30:36Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 20:30 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36">Línea 36:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 36:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">uyxnfhtsafghsacfhgrytsfwhgcnsb</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">yhjfdcghfytdrfghscxgh</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stctdgcfhgfsahgxfhsgfcx</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">+yuhgsfghfhasgfghgsvahj</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1074:rev-1075 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1074&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T23:24:18Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 20:24 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36">Línea 36:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 36:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">uyxnfhtsafghsacfhgrytsfwhgcnsb</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">yhjfdcghfytdrfghscxgh</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stctdgcfhgfsahgxfhsgfcx</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">+yuhgsfghfhasgfghgsvahj</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1073:rev-1074 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1073&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T23:22:32Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 20:22 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Línea 31:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 31:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Substantial carbon leakage but little overall effect</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Substantial carbon leakage but little overall effect<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1072:rev-1073 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1072&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T20:22:39Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 17:22 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30">Línea 30:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 30:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial carbon leakage but little overall effect</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our results are statistically significant, but do they also matter economically? In the year of 2005, Kyoto caused 84 MtC of additional carbon imports in committed countries, while their exports where 34 MtC lower. In our sample, the net aggregate trade effect of 50 MtC is fairly small relative to total carbon trade (2,190 MtC) or to total world emissions (19,500 MtC).</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ideally, however, one would compare the committed countries’ additional carbon imports with the emission savings brought about by Kyoto. While we have solid estimates on the former, the latter is much more a matter of speculation. Regressing national emissions on Kyoto status in a differences-in-differences setup results in emission-saving Kyoto effects ranging between 0 and 9%, depending on model specification. With a median estimate of about 2.85%, we find that additional carbon imports amount to about 40% of domestic carbon savings. This measure of carbon leakage is still about 12% when we use the highest plausible savings estimates.</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1071:rev-1072 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1071&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T20:20:27Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 17:20 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l27">Línea 27:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 27:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Imagen:VOXEU_40210.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Imagen:VOXEU_40210.png]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Accounting for non-random Kyoto commitment</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Accounting for non-random Kyoto commitment<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1070:rev-1071 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1070&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T20:20:02Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 17:20 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l26">Línea 26:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 26:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Imagen:VOXEU_40210.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Imagen:VOXEU_40210.png]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Accounting for non-random Kyoto commitment</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is likely that Kyoto ratification is non-random; countries which expected carbon savings to occur because of sectoral or technological change may have committed to emission savings, because those savings are not costly to them. The opposite could hold for non-ratifiers. Non-random selection into Kyoto calls for a careful econometric treatment. The panel structure of our data allows including country-specific time dummies (among a host of other controls) into a regression of bilateral carbon imports on differential Kyoto ratification status of countries. This strategy accounts for any reason why a country ratifies the protocol at some point in time. The resulting estimates should, therefore, not be spurious. Moreover, in our framework one can even employ a regression-based test for strong exogeneity of regressors.</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1069:rev-1070 --> </table>

Admin https://www.biblioteca.fundacionicbc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Kyoto_and_the_carbon_content_of_trade&diff=1069&oldid=prev 2010-02-08T20:18:51Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="es"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisión anterior</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisión del 17:18 8 feb 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l24">Línea 24:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Línea 24:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 1. CO2 imports of Kyoto countries from non-Kyoto countries'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 1. CO2 imports of Kyoto countries from non-Kyoto countries'''</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Imagen:VOXEU_40210.png]]</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidbProd:diff::1.12:old-1067:rev-1069 --> </table>

Admin